King Yew Choo
Founder of True Primary. Writes on how software agents are authorised to transact, and on the payment systems they run on.
King Yew Choo founded True Primary, which helps investment, strategy and product teams reach relevant working professionals, run structured expert interactions, and turn first-hand input into decision-ready evidence. It works from a London desk.
His written work follows one practical problem. When software requests work or starts a payment on a person's behalf, how should that authority be recorded, how should payment be validated before anything is delivered, and what evidence should the exchange leave behind? The record below runs from a working paper and an Internet-Draft to comments and responses filed with financial authorities.
Written record
An MPP-First, Settlement-Flexible Architecture for Self-Serve Agentic Expert-Access: Protocol Analysis, Formal Model, and Business-Model Transition
Proposes an architecture for selling work sourced from human experts as fixed-price products a software agent can buy and pay for in one HTTP exchange, using the Machine Payments Protocol and its HTTP 402 payment challenge as the payment gate. No expert work starts until that gate has validated the payment and the authority the buyer delegated to the agent, and the settlement method is left open (card, invoice, subscription allowance or stablecoin).
Working paper, not peer reviewed. It describes a target design: inside its own model it proves that a retried request cannot cause a second charge and that every delivery leaves a receipt binding authority, payment, task and result. No deployed system and no measured evaluation.
Read the working paper on SSRN · DOI 10.2139/ssrn.6928639 · 46 pages
A Server-Side Model for Gating Agent-Initiated Human-Sourced Asynchronous HTTP Tasks on Payment or Entitlement
Sets out a server-side model for paid tasks a software agent starts on a buyer's behalf, including work sourced from people, where fulfilment costs real money and may not be freely undone. One gate sits in the task's lifecycle: payment or an existing entitlement is checked together with the agent's delegated authority (spend cap, permitted scope, expiry) before any work begins, and a client-supplied request key ties retries to a single task.
Individual Internet-Draft, work in progress. Anyone may submit one. It is not endorsed by the IETF, is not an IETF standard, and defines no protocol, wire format or conformance requirements. Revision -00 expires 24 January 2027 unless replaced or updated.
Read the draft on the IETF Datatracker · draft-king-yew-choo-agentic-payments-00
Comment on the proposed revisions to the Federal Reserve Policy on Payment System Risk and the Guidelines for Account and Services Requests
Answers Question 1 of the Board's Payment Account proposal, finding the design a fit for legally eligible institutions whose activity settles over the permitted services, is fully prefunded, and stays within an individually set closing-balance limit capped at $1 billion. Recommends the Board state expressly that automated initiation creates no separate category of payment activity and narrows no part of the case-by-case review, and that the nature and extent of an institution's automation stay relevant to that review, including the assessment of illicit finance risk. It argues the proposal is otherwise silent on initiation method, leaving that silence open to different readings across the Reserve Banks.
Read the comment on federalreserve.gov · Docket OP-1878 · Comment FR-2026-0013-01-C86
Comment on the proposed Policy Statement Concerning the Suppression of Accuracy in Artificial Intelligence Systems
Proposes four changes to the Commission's proposed statement, three of them about the evidence it cites and the terms it uses. The notice's claim that consumers accept AI outputs without further fact-checking more than 90 per cent of the time rests on a study that coded only whether checking was visible in 9,830 conversations over a single week, missing any checking done mentally or outside the conversation. It asks the Commission to describe that source accurately or drop the figure, to define "steer", "truthful" and "accurate", and to state what any accuracy figure is measured over, since a filter that lifts accuracy on answered questions from 95 to 98 per cent also stops 175 correct answers per 1,000 from reaching users.
Read the comment on regulations.gov · Matter P264200 · Comment FTC-2026-0859-0275
Comment on Bank Secrecy Act and Sanctions Compliance Standards for FDIC-Supervised Permitted Payment Stablecoin Issuers
Finds a drafting mismatch in the FDIC's proposal, which prints two alternative versions of the paragraph letting a supervised stablecoin issuer pass supervisory information to the Director of the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network. The clause saying such disclosure waives no legal privilege, and the clause attributing any disclosure to the FDIC's authority under 12 U.S.C. 1821(t), are printed inside Option 2 only, although the preamble says text intended to preserve privileges would apply whichever option is adopted. It asks the FDIC to print both clauses outside the bracketed alternatives as common text, following the April 2026 joint-agency proposal, or to state that the Option 2-only placement is deliberate, and it takes no position on which option should be adopted.
Read the comment on fdic.gov · RIN 3064-AG29
Response to the consultation on Sound Practices for the Responsible Adoption of Artificial Intelligence
Argues that the consultation report's list of risks from AI agents should name one more: when an agent's payment call times out, the routine retry can pay twice for a single instruction, even though every component behaved as designed. Proposes a client-supplied request key, a control already established in payment interfaces, so that a repeat returns the original result and starts no second payment, and asks that checks run in a fixed order (authority, then payment, then work), with anything absent, expired or unverifiable refused. Also proposes writing the limits a person sets for an agent (a spending cap, an authorised scope, an expiry) as parameters a system checks before execution, pointing to the UK Open Banking Variable Recurring Payment consent, a supervised arrangement where the bank holding the account enforces limits the account holder set once.
Read the response on fsb.org · Response and attachments, PDF, 59 pages
Submitted, not published
Response to the consultation on proposed amendments to the Notices on Technology Risk Management
Consultation P012-2026. Not published by MAS at the time of writing.
Submission to the Keeping cash local consultation on access to cash
Not published. The Bank gave no undertaking to publish submissions to this consultation.
Submission to the Review of Payments System Regulation
Not published at the time of writing. The Bank's indicative timeline gives the end of August 2026 for publishing non-confidential submissions.
Profiles and identifiers
Contact
Research, standards and policy correspondence: k.choo@trueprimary.com
Primary-research engagements: trueprimary.com