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King Yew Choo’s research sets out models for AI agents to commission and pay for expert work. His policy submissions address payment controls, financial regulation and the evidence used to assess AI systems.
Financial Stability Board
Identifies duplicate payment after a network retry as a distinct risk in AI-initiated transactions. Recommends checks on repeated instructions, delegated authority and spending limits, drawing on established payment interfaces and UK Open Banking.
Read the response · On fsb.org 59 pages
Reserve Bank of Australia
Recommends that the Bank set expectations for authorisation, duplicate-payment controls and transaction records before AI agents move money. Draws on PayTo and the New Payments Platform while preserving merchant choice of debit network within the payment method the customer authorises.
Read the submission · On rba.gov.au 8 pages · Word
Federal Reserve
Examines automated payment activity under the proposed Payment Account framework. Recommends wording that preserves case-by-case review, including scrutiny of automation and illicit-finance risk, without creating a separate category of payment activity.
Read the comment · On federalreserve.gov 6 pages
Federal Trade Commission
Examines the evidence and definitions behind the proposed statement on AI accuracy. Questions what observed fact-checking establishes about consumer trust, and shows how reported accuracy can rise while users receive fewer correct answers.
Read the comment · On regulations.gov 7 pages
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
Identifies privilege provisions described as applying to both drafting alternatives, but printed under only one. Requests consistent drafting or an explanation of that choice, alongside clarification of differences in the information issuers may disclose.
Read the comment · On fdic.gov 6 pages
SSRN
Sets out an architecture and a formal model for one decision an AI agent’s purchase needs inside a single request: whether it may start. One gate admits a quote on a payment credential or on an entitlement the client already holds, and the paper establishes, within its model, that fulfilment starts only after admission and that committed spend under a mandate stays within its cap when purchases run concurrently.
Read the paper · On SSRN · Version 1.7.2, June 2026 68 pages
IETF Datatracker
Sets out a server-side model for work that AI agents commission and receive later. Defines the task lifecycle, places checks on delegated authority and payment or entitlement before fulfilment, and links repeated requests to one task.
Read the Internet-Draft · PDF · On the IETF Datatracker 58 pages
HM Treasury
Proposes five changes to UK payment services regulation for payments an AI agent makes for a consumer: a spending grant with limits recognised as consent, strong customer authentication when the grant is set up or changed, a credential issued for the agent, reimbursement on Faster Payments and CHAPS where a fraudster deceives the agent, and an evidence record for each payment. Places each change in legislation, FCA rules or the reimbursement rules.
Read the response · Consultation on gov.uk · PDF 14 pages
Bank of England
Proposes five requirements for the UK’s future retail payments infrastructure: authority references, an attested marker for agent-initiated payments, request keys, controls against duplicate clearing outcomes and retained transaction records. Assigns duties across payment providers, clearing infrastructure and scheme rules, with provisions for privacy and accessible human approval.
Read the response · Consultation on bankofengland.co.uk · PDF 27 pages
Monetary Authority of Singapore
Examines duplicate transactions caused by retries after an uncertain payment outcome. Recommends supervisory examples covering risk assessments, warning indicators and incident records, so institutions can trace one instruction across systems, test lost acknowledgements and concurrent retries, and reconcile unresolved outcomes.
Read the response · Consultation on mas.gov.sg · PDF 3 pages
Reserve Bank of New Zealand
Sets out how exceptions to New Zealand’s proposed cash-access standard should be measured, evidenced and reviewed. Combines service availability, travel barriers and local evidence with targeted route checks and a common decision record, covering increases, reductions or changes in the services a locality receives.
Read the submission · Consultation on rbnz.govt.nz · PDF 4 pages
Research and policy: k.choo@trueprimary.com
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